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Law enforcement in Spain is carried out by numerous organizations, not all of which operate in the same areas. * The Guardia Civil patrols rural areas (including highways and ports) and investigate crimes there. They operate from garrison posts that are called ''casas cuartel'' ("home-garrisons") which are both minor residential garrisons and fully equipped Police Stations. * The ''Policia Nacional''or Cuerpo Nacional de Policía (CNP) deals with criminal offences and public order in big towns and cities.It includes special anti-riot units. * ''Policia Local'' exist in most cities and important towns in order to concentrate on preventing crime, settling minor incidents, traffic control, and, crucially, intelligence gathering. *There are also several specialist forces also with the powers of arrest for dealing with areas such as tax avoidance, smuggling and international crime. Any person with the power of arrest may intervene in urgent situations beyond their specific jurisdiction if they have ''reasonable cause'' to place a person at ''jurisdictional disposition''. Locally, all enforcement agencies work together closely, and in serious matters, usually under the guidance of an Examining magistrate. Operational policy and major interventions are nationally coordinated under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior. ==History== The medieval kings of León, Castile and Aragon were often unable to maintain public peace, protective municipal leagues began to emerge in the twelfth century against bandits and other rural criminals, as well as against the lawless nobility or mobilized to support a claimant to the crown. These organizations were individually temporary, but became a long standing fixture of Spain.〔O'Callaghan, Joseph F. O. ''A History of Medieval Spain''. (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1975), 448. ISBN 0-8014-0880-6〕 The first recorded case of the formation of an ''hermandad'' occurred when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to police the pilgrim road to Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, and protect the pilgrims, a major source of regional income, against robber knights. With the countryside virtually everywhere effectively in the hands of nobles, throughout the High Middle Ages such brotherhoods were frequently formed by leagues of towns to protect the roads connecting them. The ''hermandades'' were occasionally co-opted for dynastic purposes. They acted to some extent like the Fehmic courts of Germany. Among the most powerful was the league of northern Castilian and Basque ports, the ''Hermandad de las Marismas'': Toledo, Talavera, and Villa Real. As one of their first acts after the War of the Castilian Succession, Ferdinand and Isabella "brought peace by the brilliant strategy of organizing rather than eliminating violence;"〔Henry Kamen, ''Empire: how Spain became a world power, 1492-1763'', 2002:7.〕 they established a centrally organized and efficient Holy Hermandad (''Santa Hermandad'') with themselves at its head. They adapted the existing form of the ''hermandad'' to the purpose of creating a general police force under the direction of officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with large powers of summary jurisdiction, even in capital cases. The rough and ready justice of the ''Santa Hermandades'' became famous for brutality.〔Kamen 2002.〕 The original ''hermandades'' continued to serve as modest local police units until their final suppression in 1835. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Law enforcement in Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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